Aorta

Circulatory

-brings oxygen-rich blood from left ventricle to body

-largest artery in body

Right atrium

Circulatory

-chamber of heart that serves as a one-way compartment for blood

-holds oxygen-poor blood prior to entering right ventricle

-receives from vena cava

Left atrium

Circulatory

-receives blood from pulmonary veins

-holds oxygen-rich blood entering veins

-chamber of heart that serves as a one-way compartment for blood

Anus

Digestive

- transports final digestive wastes from rectum out of body

Auricle(left/right)

Circulatory

- Increases the amount of blood the atriums can hold

Cilia

Respiratory

- collect dust from inhaled air in mucus and expel through spit or swallowing

Brain

Nervous

- contains neurons to relay messages, process information, and analyze info

Cerebrum

Nervous

-largest region of brain, controls voluntary brain actions, & intelligence, learning, judgment

- outer layer: gray matter; white matter: white matter

Medulla oblongata

Nervous

-regulates information flow between brain and rest of body

Cerebellum

Nervous

-second largest region, in back of skull, coordinates and balances body movement

Brain stem

Nervous

-joins brain & spinal cord

controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, swallowing

Spinal cord

Nervous

- transmits messages between brain and body, processes reflexes

Broad ligament

Reproductive

- holds female reproductive organs in place

- fold of peritoneum that connects uterus to pelvis

♀

Cardiac sphincter/valve

Digestive

-ring of muscle that prevents food from returning to esophagus after entering stomach

Caecum (cecum)

Digestive

-aids in digestion of cellulose in most herbivores

-similar structure to vestigial appendix in humans

Common bile duct

Digestive

-transports bile from gall bladder to small intestine

Coronary arteries

Circulatory

-arteries which bring blood to heart muscles

Diaphragm

Respiratory

-flat muscle that aids in respiration

-contracts to increase chest cavity size during inhaling

-relaxes during exhaling to decrease chest cavity and push air out

Ductus arteriosus

Fetal Circulation

-connects pulmonary artery to aorta; shortcut for oxygenated blood in fetus

- forms ligament after birth

Epididymis

Reproductive

-location of sperm storage and maturation after sperm production in testes

♂

Esophagus

Digestive

-hollow, muscular tube that transports food (bolus) from pharynx to stomach

using peristalsis (muscular contractions)

Foramen ovale

Fetal Circulation

- an opening in the septum of the heart, shortcut for oxygenated blood in fetus

- forms pin-sized hole after birth, or closes up completely

Epiglottis

Respiratory

-piece of cartilage that covers trachea to prevent food from entering during swallowing; otherwise, choking may occur

Gall bladder

Digestive

- hangs from lower liver

- stores bile from liver until needed in small intestine

Greater omentum

Digestive

- part of peritoneum, connects stomach and spleen, holds spleen in place

Kidney

Excretory

- help body maintain homeostasis by regulating water content, blood pH,

- removes waste from all blood about every hour

- filter blood to remove excess salts and urea from blood to form urine

Cortex

Excretory

- outer region of kidney that contains nephrons

Medulla

Excretory

- white, inner region of kidney

Large intestine (colon)

Digestive

- removes water from remaining waste, passes solid waste from small intestine to rectum, absorbs remaining vitamins and compounds from the bacteria

Larynx

Respiratory

-voicebox contains elastic tissue folds (vocal cords) that vibrate to produce sound

Liver

Digestive

-large organ that produces bile (lipid and salt fluid) to dissolve fats so enzymes can break down fat molecules; bile is then stored in gall bladder

Lung

Respiratory

- location of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of capillary walls

Alveoli

Respiratory

- miniscule air sacs at end of bronchioles where O2 and CO2 diffusion occurs

Bronchi

Respiratory

- 2 large passageways in lungs that branch off to smaller bronchioles

Mesentery

Digestive

- part of peritoneum, membrane holds small intestine together

Ovaries

1.Reproductive

2. Endocrine

1. contain premature follicles, release one mature ovum per month into oviducts

2. produces estrogen (for secondary female secondary sex characteristics)

3. produces progesterone (for preparing uterus for fertilized egg)

♀

Oviducts (Fallopian tubes)

Reproductive

-location of fertilization; transport egg from ovaries to uterus

♀

Pancreas

1. Digestive

2. Endocrine

3. Exocrine

1&3- produces sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acid for enzymes activity); produces enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

2- produces insulin, glucagon to regulate level of glucose (blood sugar) in blood

Penis

1.Reproductive

2. Excretory

1. male organ of intercourse, contains urethra for semen (contains sperm) release

2. releases urine through urethra,

♂

Pericardium

Connective Tissue

- membrane that holds heart in place

Peritoneum

Connective Tissue

- membrane that holds abdominal organs in place

Inferior vena cava

Circulatory

-vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from lower part of body to the right atrium

Superior vena cava

Circulatory

-vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from upper part of body to the right atrium

Pulmonary arteries

Circulatory

- bring oxygen-poor blood from right atrium to lungs

Pulmonary veins

Circulatory

- bring oxygen-rich blood from lungs to the left atrium

Pyloric valve/sphincter

Digestive

-allows chime to pass from stomach to small intestine

Rectum

Digestive

-transports final waste of digestive system from large intestine to anus

Bulbourethral gland

Exocrine

-in males, releases pre-ejaculatory fluid

-neutralizes the acidity of the vagina for sperm survival

♂

Renal artery

1. Excretory

2. Circulatory

1- transports oxygenated, waste-filled blood to kidney

2- transports blood to kidney

Renal vein

1. Excretory

2. Circulatory

1- transports de-oxygenated, clean blood away from kidney

2- transports blood away from kidney

Round ligament

Reproductive

- holds ovaries in place

♀

Rugae

Digestive

- folds in stomach lining that allow stomach to expand when food enters

Nephrons

Excretory

- processing functional units of kidney that filters blood through a series of capillaries and other structures

-main processes: filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Salivary glands

1. Digestive

2. Exocrine

1- saliva contains (a)the enzyme salivary amylase to break down chemical bonds to release sugar from food and (b) lysozyme to fight infection in bacteria of food

2- releases enzymes for digestion

Scrotal sac (Scrotum)

Reproductive

- location of testes, external in humans, low temperature for sperm development

♂

Septum

Circulatory

- wall b/w right & left ventricles; prevents mixing of O2-rich and –poor blood

Small intestine

Digestive

-contains villi to absorb nutrient molecules , wavelike contractions move chime

-nutrient molecules absorbed in lining; carbohydrates and protein digestion products are absorbed into villi capillaries; undigested fat and fatty acids absorbed by lymph vessels (lacteals)

Duodenum

Digestive

-first part of small intestine, mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic enzymes

Spleen

Immune

- destroys old red blood cells after about 46 days, as well as bacteria, from blood

Stomach

Digestive

-chemical food digestion: lining produces mucus and substances, pepsin (enzyme) to break down proteins, hydrochloric to increase stomach acidity

-mechanical digestion: stomach muscles churn to mix fluids and food to produce chyme, and then release it into the pyloric sphincter

Sperm

Reproductive

-male sex cell, determines sex of child, transported in semen through penis

♂

Egg

Reproductive

-female sex cell, one released/month, implants in uterus if fertilized for growth

♀

Testes

1. Endocrine

2.Reproductive

1. produces testosterone for sperm development and production of male secondary sex characteristics

2- contains tubules for sperm development; located in scrotal sac; contains cells that undergo meiosis for sperm production

♂

Thymus glands

1. Endocrine

2. Immune

1-releases thymosine for T-cell development

2-aids in T-cell development

Thyroid gland

Endocrine

-produces thyroxine to regulate metabolism

Trachea

Respiratory

-          -transports oxygen from pharynx to lungs and CO2 from lungs to pharynx

-          - windpipe lined with cilia to remove dust in mucus and expel from body

-           

Umbilical artery

Fetal Circulation

- transports de-oxygenated blood away from fetus back to mother

Umbilical vein

Fetal Circulation

- transports oxygenated blood to fetus from mother

Urethra

1. Excretory

2.Reproductive

1- transports urine from urinary bladder out of body

2- in males, transports semen out of body

1/2♂

Pharynx

1. Digestive

2. Respiratory

1- transports food from mouth to esophagus

2- transports air from trachea to nose and vice versa

Urinary bladder

Excretory

-                    -receives urine from the ureters; stores urine until excretion through urethra

-                    

Female Urogenital opening/ papilla

Reproductive

-removes fluid wastes out of body; ventral to anus in female pigs

♀

Male Urogenital opening

Reproductive

- transports reproductive fluid (semen) and urine out of body

♂

Cervix

Reproductive

- outer end of uterus, between uterus and vaginal canal

♀

Uterus

Reproductive

-organ with large cavity that is the location of fetal/embryonic development during fertilization; connects fallopian tubes to cervix to vaginal canal

♀

Placenta

Reproductive

-temporary organ that forms after fertilization

♀

Vaginal canal

Reproductive

-leads from cervix to outside of body

♀

Vas deferens

Reproductive

-some sperm are moved here from epididymus, eventually merges with urethra

-thin tube; extends from scrotum to abdominal cavity

♂

Villus

Digestive

-projections in small intestine with cells covered in finger-like microvilli

-microvilli create huge surface area for small intestine to absorb nutrients

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

Circulatory

-prevents blood from flowing back into left atrium after it has entered left ventricle, allows one way flow of blood through heart

Tricuspid valve

Circulatory

-prevents blood from flowing back into right atrium after it enters right ventricle, allows one way flow of blood through heart

Seminiferous tubules

Reproductive

-microscopic tubules tightly twisted and coiled in clusters that produce sperm in the testis; sperm then move to the epididymis

♂

Adrenal glands

Endocrine

-glands that release epinephrine and norepinephrine for body to deal with stress

Bowman’s capsule

Excretory

-cup shaped structure in nephron; location of filtration

Loop of Henle

Excretory

-descending loop in nephron; location of urine concentration, where water is conserved and urine volume is minimized

Glomerulus

Excretory

-network of capillaries in upper nephron end that carries blood through nephron

Collecting duct

Excretory

-urine is emptied here after passing through loop of Henle, leads to ureter